CHCECE006 Essay - 1375 Words

CHCECE006 (Essay Sample) Content: Name InstructorInstitution DateCHCECE006Section 1Question 1The cause of such behavior might be the program enrolled in while at the school, anger due to lack of control of the situations, or might be due to the parents emotional impact of leaving her which she has already detected. To solve either of this would be easier if the mother would stay to ensure she adjusts appropriately into the system before leaving them on their own. This way they learn to adjust not just the mother but also the child (BBC).The issues that most children have regarding paying attention stems from motivation or in other cases might be that they don't know how to do it. The case of Dylan is not any different. Chunks and breaks might be what he requires. Let him participate for five minutes and then allow him work on table toys. Repeat this for a period and then prolong the participation time he will learn. Other methods might include giving appropriate cues regarding paying attention, medita tion for the children, giving feedbacks when they pay attention (Thepositiveclassroom).Question 2Child development is a process through which a child goes through changes in skills in a given time frame. A delay would occur in situations where they have extended the set timeframe for this development. It links to certain child mental ailments. Among these ailments are anxiety disorders and attention-deficit (BBC).Noticing a child with some of the signs of either mental illness or delayed developments do not mean they cannot be treated. In such situations, the educator has to identify the specific cause of such an action and appropriately correct it. Through programs such as counseling for the parents, or education programs for development and at times medication (BBC).Question 3Examples of this situations would include Child Abuse and Child Neglect. In the first case, the child is exposed to graphic behavior at an early age or exposed to experiences that leave them shocked psycholog ically. Child neglect, on the other hand, is the exposure of children to the environment without really filtering the experiences that have. They get to do what they want without supervision from an elder person. In both cases the child would seem to act out of the ordinary behavior. Say they are left at the day care they tend to throw a tantrum unlike when being left at the Sunday school. Neglect is evident through physical injuries and contraction of certain ailments.In the case of Child abuse or neglect as an educator or a parent it would be advisable to report to social services so that appropriate action taken against the guilty party.The Childs family has to take the child through a psychological program to correct any behavioral issues that might have arisen.Section 2Question 1 HATHWAY INSTITUTIONCenter-Wide ExpectationsHallwayPlaygroundCafeteriaBusClassroomBe SafeWalkStay in your lineKeep your backpack zipped and on your backFollow safety rulesStay within boundaries Eat your own foodHave a calm body while waiting in line and eatingSeat to seat until you are dismissed Back to backSeat to seatBackpack in lapFeet on floor stay in your personal placeFollow safety rules Stay in your personal space Walk Use materials or equipment appropriately.Be responsible Go directly to where you need to beFollow directions Stay to the right on the stairsTell an adult if you see an unsafe choice Line up when the signal is givenMake room for all your friends at the table Clean up your spaceGet on and off the bus carefullyClean up after yourself Be Respectful Enjoy the artwork; look with your eyes onlyStay in your personal spaceUse kind language Take turnsBe a good sportRespect nature Use good manners Raise your hands if you need an adult's helpWait patiently and quietly in lineUse kind language Work cooperativelyListen carefully while others speakBe considerate Be kind.The choices of the expectations was done in accordance with the values and th e goals of the institution. The values are set in such a way that they help mould a Childs behavior socially.The expectations are presented to every parent on the admission letter and also the teachers remind the students daily of the expectations of every room before they start any activity. From the other members findings it is clear that every institution has a set rule regarding the expectations of students in a given setting. The basic differences would be evident from the values and goals that different institutions have regarding the molding of the children. The interesting thing about the findings is the concepts that are prioritized by different institutions. Students are expected to be promoted based on their mastery of content and social skills while at the center. Most of this institutions have turned the concept of education center into competitive schools where the only concept taught mastery through drilling. Teachers ought to consider adoption of ideas that would dri ve students into acquiring motor and social skills. Question 2The tendency to shove or push when it comes to outdoor activity is very common among the young persons. The injuries that might arise from this impact has made most institutions adopt the lining up for outdoor play. The outdoor activity gets planned in advance, and the students know that they only get to go out once everyone is properly lined up. No one runs out they walk out systematically and in a single file and do the same once the bell sounds that it is time to get back into class.Activities planned before hand and then presented to the students prior to their studies helps in mentoring appropriate response. The routine is regularly done until they are fully aware that programs have been allocated time. In most institutions, the allocation of time is symbolic to the bell to indicate putting an activity back.Question 3In this case take the Child's focus away from the hair by engaging her in other interesting activitie s with other children.It would be prudent to remind the students that it is inappropriate to do that. As a teacher, it proves essential to remember that Jayden is expressing himself and might be bored or losing attention so find a different activity for them after making the appropriate reminder that it is wrong. The educator should remind the students that it is wrong to do that at that particular time. Remind them that the appropriate time would be play time. Make the student come to the front of the class to do his reading without his friends near him for distraction.Section 3Question 1The steps would involve taking note of the following aspects in her activity;How she behaves when she is aloneHow she acts when she is with others The immediate reason behind her biting others Is their situations where she interacts with others without biting themBased on the findings in this case it seems Nicole is very calm when alone. She is only bits others when she is after something from the m like a toy. There are cases where when she has all that she needs she does not bit anyone.Nicole is learning the language and lacks ways to express a message. The teacher should help her pronounce simple words to others.Steps 1: Investigate wha...

Research, Samples, and Statistics

Essay on E-Shopping - 837 Words

E-Shopping Online shopping has impacted the economic, political and cultural development of the financial markets and the economy. Many consumers have been using the World Wide Web in order to purchase items. The computer technology has allowed consumers to use the internet to their convenience to shop. Online shopping has impacted the United States economy greatly. The impacts of online shopping have been advantageous as well as disadvantageous. The beneficial impacts of online shopping are greatest on the nation’s economy. Consumers do not only purchase items online, but the internet allows consumers to compare and browse items online. This then results in consumers going out and buying those items at stores. â€Å"But because people also†¦show more content†¦Online shopping is a multibillion dollar growing market growing at 35 percent a year. The economy is not the only thing impacted by online shopping. Surprisingly enough, online shopping has impacted political and culture development. Many of the American people show no interest in politics but Amazon.com did something to change that. At Amazon.com consumers were able to see the politicians running for office and then make a small contribution online to the certain candidate while purchasing an item. The cultural impacts of online shopping have also been great. As the holiday seasons are coming closer, there are many consumers with families living in different parts of the country or even the world. Therefore, instead of buying flowers and having them shipped, now the consumer can go on a website in that certain country and purchase flowers there with no heavy and expensive shipping costs. The World Wide Web allows consumers to see different goods from different countries. Now shopping is no longer done in a limited area but can be done, nationwide and even world wide. However; there are some disadvantages of online shopping. Although many businesses are prospering, many non-internet based businesses are suffering. For instance, many people purchase traveling tickets online. Twenty five percent of all travel is now booked online. Therefore; many small travel agencies have suffered a great financial loss. The convenient shopping done at home has hurt many businesses thatShow MoreRelated E-Shopping Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagesworld, one aspect being shopping. Computer shopping has produced many affects, mostly economical. This era is one in need of an economic boost to better the world in its turmoil, and internet shopping may be the answer. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most important affect the internet bestowed, or e-shopping as we like to call it, is its affect on the economy. Now is the future, and our retailing process needs a major change, as Birch, Schneider, and Gerbert (who wrote E-Tail) said, ?[to] re-invigorateRead MoreE Commerce : Online Shopping1409 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 8 – E-Commerce Online shopping has caused many changes economically and socially. The rapid rise of online stores has caused changed for current stores to move to e-retail to reach a wider audience and to save money on things like renting out a building to set up. Now that most stores have a store to visit and an online store, it’s become much easier to distribute their products to a wider audience. Some people could be unable to leave their homes (due to disabilities and/or other issues),Read MoreE Commerce And The Electronic Shopping Industry1108 Words   |  5 Pageselectronic shopping and mail-order houses industry as transactions between this business and consumers would require the use of information technology such as a computer network or through a phone network. The goods purchased would need to be delivered by mail or courier that were retailed through catalogue showrooms on the internet. Our business will specifically be providing groceries through the internet on a website. Attractive characteristics of the electronic shopping industry: E-Commerce inRead MoreCustomer Loyalty Towards E Shopping Websites Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe key objective of the study about was to analyses the customer loyalty towards e-shopping websites. From this study apart from customer loyalty various other important key findings were also found. When it comes to customer retention whether its brick and mortar or through online medium the 3 major and key areas that has to be concentrated by anybody who is involved in this business are 1. Delivery of the product 2. Performance of the product 3. Post purchase service and being responsiveRead MoreThe E Shopping Habits Of U.s. And Chinese Millennial2309 Words   |  10 Pages THE E-SHOPPING HABITS OF U.S. AND CHINESE MILLENNIAL STUDENT NAME LECTURER NAME COURSE NAME SUBMISSION DATE AUTHORIZATION LETTER NAME†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P.O BOX†¦. CITY/ TOWN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. TOM Jerry, Manager, Human Resources Department P.O BOX 5432 Apple St. Los Angeles, CA 90087 Dear Sir. I †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ have done a research concerning the company’s e-shopping performance in comparison with other companies in China. I have recommended on the necessary steps that can possibly apply in order to eliminate the kindRead MoreE Commerce : A New And Improved Way Of Shopping Essay2297 Words   |  10 Pageseconomic growth - this is credited to a concept commonly referred to as e-commerce - a new and improved way of shopping (Wang, 2010). E-commerce connects consumers to their favorite products and stores from around the world from the comfort of their own homes - this entails greater accessibility, increased comfort and a diverse range of products from a variety of different shops to choose from. One particular example of an e-commerce organization that has grown immensely in the last decade is AmazonRead MorePower of E-Commerce over Traditional Mall Shopping1219 Words   |  5 PagesPOWER OF E-COMMERCE OV ER TRADITIONAL MALL SHOPPING i. Most people with different ages can easily browse the internet for several reasons; however, the online shopping considered being one of the most amazing motives. Internet revolution and growing of online marketing shifted most of consumers’ preferences to rely on online shopping instead of the usual traditional mall shopping especially when it comes to convenience, easiness, and globalization. ii. Convenience a. Convenience is the keyRead MoreE Shopping- What We Get And What We Miss. Internet Technology977 Words   |  4 PagesE shopping- what we get and what we miss Internet technology had become quite popular in recent years. Whether it is for any professional use or any personal use, everyone uses internet technology. Due to this rapid growth of technology business organisations have switched over from traditional method of selling goods to electronic method. In recent years the online shopping industry has absolutely exploded and there are now such people who are buying online and just forgot what traditional marketRead MoreSrs for E-Shopping Website1542 Words   |  7 Pages8.1 Inheritance Relationships 8.2 Class descriptions 9. Preliminary Schedule 10. Preliminary Budget 11. Appendices 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose of the document This document is meant to delineate the features of Online Mobile Shopping (OMS), so as to serve as a guide to the developers on one hand and a software validation document for the prospective client on the other. 1.2 Scope of the document The document includes the analysis and design details and describes about theRead MoreImpact of E-Shopping on Travel Behavior in Netherlands6585 Words   |  26 Pagesï » ¿Exploring the use of e-shopping and its impact on personal travel behaviour in the Netherlands ABSTRACT The Internet makes it possible to conduct activities, such as working and shopping, without travelling to activity places. As e-shopping becomes popular, it can fundamentally change peoples travel behaviour. In this study we have used a literature review, an Internet survey of e-shoppers, and the Netherlands National Travel Survey to analyse the possible impact of e-shopping on travel behaviour

A Critique of Moulin Rouge and Romeo +Juliet Essay Example For Students

A Critique of Moulin Rouge and Romeo +Juliet   Essay The films I will be analysing and commenting on are Baz Luhrmanns remake of William Shakespeares Romeo +Juliet (1997) as well as the outstanding film Moulin Rouge (2001). The Key features I will be focusing on are the following: Shot types and framing, Camera Angles, editing, lighting dialogue, music, location and costume. I will study each section for each film followed by an explanation for each film after that I will compare both films for that particular section. By analysing these topics I will be able to comment on Baz Luhrmanns skill as a director and how he uses his skills. The music was very important in Romeo and Juliet. It fitted in well with the story line and the acting. Luhrmann used slow music for romantic scenes and fast music for action scenes. The music helps to add to the atmosphere. The music attracts more teenagers to the film, as it was modern music liked by teenagers. In the Capulets party there was very fast loud disco music as there was a party, once we had entered the toilet there is slow, romantic music as it is when Romeo and Juliet first meet. Another example of where Luhrmann uses sound techniques is during the petrol station with Abra as he strolls out of the car. He has the look of a typical gunslinger, someone who could be extremely dangerous. The music is changed, as a more electric tune plays more menacing and threatening than before, highlighting the danger of this man. Fear is shown in the Montagues faces, shocked by the appearance of a known enemy. This man alarms them and with this abrupt entrance one of the boys makes a q uick movement to reveal the butt of his pistol. Luhrmann creates an atmosphere of many things in this scene but the main three things are tension, fear and excitement. I first of all think Luhrmann created this by showing the anger between both families this both created tension and fear of one another, he did this by introducing the boys and slowly setting the scene up till both families started being rude to each other. Both families show this by body language and face Expressions. I think the Montagues though felt more threatened by the Capulets because when the Capulets appeared they suddenly had a sense of fear in them, which created quite a bit of tension. A fast frightened movement, followed by the facial shot of a frightened face and the sound of a reluctant gasp, signifying the fear and tension between the two families. After the two families meet there is anger and hate starting to show as the montages reverse the car, with the noise of screeching tyres, and the sound of a quick furious sounding, loud blast of music showing anger. The caplets sling loud though slow angry words at the Montages who return fast frightened words trying to calm the situation. Though as the camera shot goes to the toilet door, the quick shocking music picks up again and Benvolio appears-an image of a peace maker leading to a close up of Benvolios gun with a change back to western music. Both films use modern music known by both audiences but are used in different ways for different reasons. Moulin Rouge uses music not only because of the films theme but it is a creative yet clever way of covering simple conversations between people. Christian and Satine express their love through music rather than conversation. Baz Luhrmann uses different cinematic shots to vary the frames in the film. Different shots have different terms which are used to indicate the amount of subject or character within a frame, how far away the camera is from the subject or character, and the perspective of the viewer. Each different shot has a different purpose and effect on the audience. An Extreme Long Shot is generally used as a scene setting shot. At the beginning of the film it shows a shot of Paris ranging from the Eiffel Tower to the Moulin Rouge. This informs the audience where the film is set making them more interested in the film as they can really relate to the place where the film was shot. Luhrmann has chosen to use many long shots to view characters as approximately life size. The Withered Arm EssayLuhrmann uses the location of Mexico to best describe the city of Fair Verona in Italy. Mexico was chosen as it has a powerful religious order much like Verona in Shakespeare original play. Luhrmann also decided that because Mexico is full of violence and sex, it would be the perfect location for two lovers to be forbidden to see each other. I was also an excellent choice to appeal to the audience. Most of the scenes represent old settings in the original play. For example the petrol station where everyone meets. This is because it is in the middle of the town where people notice it and stop to buy petrol or ordinary goods. Moulin Rouge is set in the turn of the century, 1899 when there was a great advance in technology and a change in social structure. The bohemians brought about the idea that required working hours should be used for leisure. This created a great demand for entertainment. The theatre is very much a centre point for the film. It has been designed to amaze and delight the audience, following the same idea of the real Moulin Rouge. The elephant set is used as Satines bedroom in the film whereas in the real Moulin Rouge the elephant was the home of a small Arabian theme club. Baz Luhrmann then goes on to add a Helicopter to show the seriousness of the events that have occurred. The Helicopter again is appealing to the modern audience because at the time a Helicopter would definitely not have been used and we are also used to seeing these. Helicopters are often called upon when the situation gets totally out of hand. Baz Luhrmann situation gets totally out of hand. Baz Luhrmann adds the Helicopter to show severe violence. The violence relates back to the feud between Montagues and Capulets. Helicopters are used to maintain the peace and quiet within the city and also to keep it under control. Baz Luhrmann then shows evidence that the feud of montagues and capulets is destroying the city. He uses a frame to show buildings being burnt down. The fire symbolises rage, terror, and chaos. All this helps to prove that Montague and Capulet are indeed destroying the peace and quiet of the city by feuding. In the next frame Baz Luhrmann decides to use a modern form of media by using newspapers to show the rivalry. The newspaper headlines make it seem like they are two huge opponents. Baz Luhrmanns idea of using modern day newspapers appeals to the modern audience because every major event nowadays appears in newspapers.

The electro negativity of atoms Essay Example

The electro negativity of atoms Essay ApparatusThe apparatus I will use to conduct the experiment are:* 1-clorobutane (1 mol)* 1-bromobutane (1 mol)* 1-idobutane (1mol)* Silver Nitrate (0.01 mol)* Ethanol* Water Bath (Heated to 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C* Test tubes x3* Test tube rack* Teat pipettes x3* Burettes (1mmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) x2* Pipette fillerMethod* Set up test tubes and test tube rack* Put 1 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of silver nitrate into the three test tubes using a burettes* Add ethanol(1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) with the other burette* Put test tubes in water bath (pre heated to 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) and leave for 10 minutes test tubes will be placed in water bath at the exact same timeSafetyTo make my experiment a safe one I will wear safety goggles (I also have done research into the chemicals I have using, this means I know what to do if I spill some upon my hand or on the floor) for example 1-iodobutane is a slight irritantFair TestTo make this as fair a test as possible I will use a water bath to control the temperature the bath will be heat ed to 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C I will place all the test tubes with the mixtures in the water bath at the same time, I will ensure that they have been in the water bath for ten minutes this should ensure that they are all at the same temperature as the temperature influences the rate of reaction it is essential I do this. I will use a burette to mesure the silver nitrate and ethanol this should ensure accuracy in the volume. Human errors can affect the results; I could use a micropipette array and a data logger to take away the chance of human error, using a micropipette array would mean the halogenoalkanes are added at the time plus the drop size would be the same. The data logger will give more accurate representation of which reaction occurs fastest as you are not relying on eyesight and highly sensitive electronic equipment.ExplanationDue to halogen atom i.e. chlorine, iodine and bromine being more electronegative than the carbon the carbon halogen bond is polarised thecarbon atom is ele ctron deficient and is liable to attack fromnuceophiles with their lone-pair of electrons (e.g. OHà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ions).The carbon atom can not form more than four bonds thereforethe halogen atoms are substituted by the nuclephille and the halogen atom leaves as a halide ion. (A covalent bond forms between the carbon and the nuceophille)Mechanism nucleophilic substitutionThe OH group attacks the delta positive carbon (nucleophilic) these strength the bond between C-X bond becomes weaker. As the alcohol group approaches the carbon, the negative bonds (in hydrogen bonds) start to move away from the OHà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ as they are being repelled, the final structure is opposite to the originalPredictionBondBond Enthalpy (kJ molà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)C-Cl340C-Br280C-I240If I were to base the experiment on the electro negativity of atoms I would expect the 1-chlorobutane to react the fastest due to its high polarity (having more ability to attract electrons) the order I would expect is C-Cl fi rst then C-Br and finally C-I but as the experiment is actually based on bond enthalpies 1-chlorobutane should take the longest to react as it has the highest bond enthalpy.Based on this table of bond enthalpies (right) I would expect 1-iodobutane would react fastest as it has a lower bond enthalpy thus easier for bonds to be broken the order I would expect them to react in is C-Cl, C-Br, C-I

A History of the English Language †Past Changes Precipitate Worldwide Popularity Essay

A History of the English Language – Past Changes Precipitate Worldwide Popularity Essay Free Online Research Papers A History of the English Language Past Changes Precipitate Worldwide Popularity Essay The history of the English language is of significance because English is spoken more frequently than any other language except Chinese, according to the International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (410). A Germanic language, English is spoken by an estimated 1,500,000,000 people, and that number is ever increasing, according to An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages (121). English is the chief language of world publishing, science and technology, conferencing, and computer storage as well as the language of international air traffic control (121). English is also used for purposes of international communications, and international politics, business communications, and academic communities (122). The history of English can be traced to the colonization of people from a family of languages which spread throughout Europe and southern Asia in the fourth millennium BC, (185). It is thought that a seminomadic population living in the steppe region to the north of the Black Sea moved west to Europe and east to Iran and India, spreading their culture and languages (186). According to The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, the European languages and Sanskrit, the oldest language of the Indian sub-continent, were tied to a common source. When a systematic resemblance was discovered in both roots and verbs and in grammar forms, by comparing similar features of the European languages and Sanskrit, a common source language was reconstructed named Proto-Indo-European (298). The Proto-Indo-European language was more complex than English today. According to The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, It is possible to reconstruct three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and up to eight cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental). Adjectives agreed in case, number, and gender with the noun. The verb system was also rich in inflections, used for aspect, mood, tense, voice, person, and number. Different grammatical forms of a word were often related by the feature of ablaut, or vowel graduation: the root vowel would change systematically to express such differences as singular and plural or past and present tense, as is still the case in English foot/feet or take/took (Crystal 299). The Proto-Indo-European language is thought to have been spoken before 3,000 BC, and to have split up into different languages during the following millennium (298). The languages families include Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Indo-Iranian, Tocharian, Armenian, Anatolian, Albanian, Greek, Balto-Slavic, and Slavic languages. Yiddish, German, Afrikaans, Dutch, Flemish, Frisian, and English make up the West Germanic subgroup of the Germanic Branch (Crystal 186). Scholars renamed the language group the Indo-European family after 3,000 BC (298). Theorists suggest that the horse was a major element of the Proto-Indo-European and the Indo-European family of languages. They conjecture that the culture was spread by warriors who conquered from horse-drawn chariots. Others discount this theory, according the Dictionary of Languages (273). The Indo-European languages have been marked by a succession of changes affecting different languages. One change of note includes the centum/satem split. K followed by a front vowel became s or sh in Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit sata), Iranian (Persian sad), Slavonic (Russian sto), Baltic (Lithuanian simtas), Albanian (qind, pronounced chind) and Armenian. It remained k in Celtic (Welsh cant), Italic, Tocharian (kant), Greek (hetaton) and Germanic (with a subsequent move to h, English hundred). A sound shift in consonants occurred that differentiated the Proto-Germanic languages from other Indo-European languages. It included several consonants that were changed from the first example to the second example in the following consonants: p>f, t>0, k>x, b>p, d>t, g>k, bh>b, dh>d, and gh>h. The sound shift was named Grimms Law, after the man who described it, according to Contemporary Linguistics (332). The Proto-Indo-European, the Indo-European, and specifically the Germanic language, of which English is a derivative, influenced the early history of the English Language. The early history of the English language began in Britain and with several groups of people. At first people migrated to the placed now called England. Several invading groups joined the original settlers of England, bringing with them their language and culture. English became a mixture of languages that adapted to the circumstances and the needs of the people. England eventually commanded an empire, thus, spreading the language around the world. When the empire, diminished the Americas continued to spread the English language because of their political power and wealth. The history of the English language is fascinating and follows as events and language changes are pointed out. The Celts were the first Indo-European people to spread across Europe, according The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (304). They emerged from south central Europe and spread throughout most of Europe, reaching the Black Sea and Asia Minor. They migrated to south-west Spain, central Italy, and throughout Britain in a series of wave-like migrations. Their culture was named after a Swiss archaeological site called La Tene. The first group of Celts went to Ireland in the 4th century and later reached Scotland and the Isle of Man. The second group went into southern England and Wales, and later to Brittany, producing a type of Celtic know as British. During the greatest days of the Roman Empire, their law ruled all men from Britain to Egypt, from Spain to the Black Sea, according to A History of Knowledge, (67). The Romans had a fierce respect and love of the law. Everywhere the Romans governed, they took their laws and administered them over the peoples they ruled. In fact, Roman law continues to this day to be an influence upon almost all legal systems in the Western world. The Romans adopted the Greek alphabet, Greek ideas, images and world views. They copied the Macedonian order of battle and Spartan steel weapons and armor. They conquered everywhere they went, building roads, establishing cities, trading, and sharing their culture. The Romans build a transportation network with hundreds of miles of roadway. The roads the Romans built still exist today, after twenty centuries of continuous use. Britain was acquired as a province of the Roman Empire during the century after 14 AD, following the death of Augustus. Words from Latin and Greek languages were adopted into the language. The Greek alphabet, with a few minor changes, is used in the English language today (25). Eventually, the Romans also brought Christianity to Britain. English became a distinct tongue about 449 AD when Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who spoke Germanic dialects, arrived in Celtic-speaking Britain. Groups of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came to aid the Romanized Britons who were besieged by Picts and Scots after the Roman military withdrew in 410 AD (Bright 410). English owes its origin to the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes who crossed the sea and settled in Britain, according to the Dictionary of Languages, (166). The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms covered most of what is now England by around 600 AD. The West Saxons were the most powerful of the new kingdoms, and the only one able to withstand the Viking invasion in the 9th century AD. It was also in Wessex or the West Saxon kingdom that a written language first flourished. The International Encyclopedia of Linguistics divides the history of English into three periods: Old English, Anglo-Saxon from 700 to 1100 AD, Middle English from 1100 to 1500 AD, and Modern English or New English from 1500 to the present (410). Old English (OE) was a highly inflected language. There were suffixes on nouns, verbs, adjectives, and demonstratives. It had an elaborate system of personal interrogative and relative pronouns. The four dialects during the Old English period were Kentish in the southeast, West Saxon in the south and southwest, Mercian in the Midlands, and Northumbrian above the Humber River. West Saxon was the written standard during the reign of Alfred the Great from 871 to 899 AD. Old English morphology included noun forms of singulars and plurals, with five cases, and three genders. Old English personal pronouns have been retained, and have transferred into New English, more of their morphological variations than any other form class. With the influx of the Christian religion at the end of the 6th century, some Latin words were added. About 2,000 Danish words and phrases were also added to Old English. At that time, the combining of native elements in prefixing, suffixing, and compounding was the most characteristic way of expanding the word stock. (Bright, 412) Britain was invaded again during the Viking age of about 750 to 1050. This invasion was mostly by Danes who then settled in central and southern England. Throughout Britain, most of the people spoke Old English and few words from the Celtic influence remained. Middle English began with the 1066 Norman Conquest. French-speaking Normans carried out government and educational duties. The Norman invasion caused a bilingual environment with the middle class speaking both French and English. It brought approximately 10,000 Norman French words into Middle English. The Normans exerted a great influence in food, fashion, education, religion, government, law, and the military. Social and linguistic upheaval changed the language climate in 1215 when King John of England was forced to acknowledge the Magna Carta. According to The Heritage of World Civilizations, this monumental document was a victory of feudal over monarchical power in the sense that it secured the rights of many the nobility, the clergy and the townspeople over the autocratic king; it restored the internal balance of power that had been the English political experience since the Norman conquest. Now the English people could be represented at the highest levels of government. This eventually brought English back into use as the countrys language (446-447). Modern English developed when Caxton established his printing press at Westminister in 1476. New English is a derivative of the dialect of medieval London. It is in the same dialect used by Cha cer and Chancery. During this time Johannes Gutenberg, a German printer invented type molds for casting individual letters. His first book using movable type was printed about 1450 and was printed on rag paper. (The Chinese government is credited with the discovery of paper in 105 AD, however, Arabs also discovered how to make paper.) Gutenbergs invention made movable type practical because he could produce any quantity of letters and words and place the timeype in a frame. He used rag paper in his printings. His most famous printing is the Gutenberg Bible (Van Doren 154). According to the International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, all vowels were systematically raised, and the highest were dipthongized between 1400 and 1564. Also, there were 333 strong verbs in Old English. Half of the verbs are still used, although, only 68 are inflected as strong verbs (414). The most important phonological event in modern times is the so-called Great Vowel Shift. It began in late middle English and continued until the eighteenth century. The long vowels of Middle English came to be pronounced in a higher position, while the highest vowels became diphthongs, according to The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (1125). With the approach of the 18th century, English became an analytical language. Its rich inflectional system weakened, causing a great increase in the use of prepositional phrases, in new phrasal prepositions (e.g. in spite of, with regard to, on the basis of), and in periphrastic verb construction. For example, did say is the periphrastic past tense of say, and said is the inflected past tense of say. During this period, there was a reduction of inflectional distinctions (Asher 1125). Also, Old English had used both SVO and SOV sentence word orders without requiring a grammatical subject. Middle English used SVO and the subject was obligatory (Bright 413). During the Renaissance, English displaced Latin as the language used in philosophy, science, and other learned arenas. Since English was lexically deficient, it borrowed Latin and Greek words for nouns and adjectives. The International Encyclopedia of Linguistics estimated that during the first 150 years of New English, more than 10,000 words from 50 languages were borrowed. It also asserted that the current English language has borrowed foreign words from more than 75 languages with French as the principal donor. The Old English method of using affixes and compounding to form words was displaced in New English by borrowing words as the favorite way of enlarging the English word stock. According to the Dictionary of Languages, the history of Modern English has three important themes. The themes include the extension of English into new subject areas, the spread of English to many parts of the world, and the growth of English into Standard British English. The extension of the language began with the first printed English translation of the Bible in 1525. The Authorized Version of the English Bible was translated in 1611. Finally, the revised Book of Common Prayer was published in 1662. The Bible and the prayer book were in everyday use in Anglican churches until the 1970(s), where they influenced the speaking and writing of English for over 300 years. English took the place of Latin during the 16th century in religion, science, and scholarship. To make this transition possible, vast numbers of loan words have been added to the English language. English has spread to many parts of the world. It became a native language for English-speaking colonies, which are now independent and powerful states. English was spread by British trade and influence. It is the second language of many other states because the ex-colonial countries have no better choice of a national language. English is currently acknowledged as the universal language of diplomacy and science. It is also the language that people usually speak when addressing foreigners, and it is the most popular second language(167). Standard British English is the widely accepted standard language, the language of London and its elite. It is sometimes called the Kings (or Queens) English, BBC English, and Received Pronunciation. This standard use of English has been helped by the spread of education and literacy, the extension of printing and publishing, and recently the influence of radio and television. All these factors have increased the standardization of pronunciation, spelling, and spoken and written style. English shares linguistic features with other Indo-European languages. However, the lexicon, morphology, and phonology are characteristically Germanic. One example of this is that past tense inflections are a Germanic characteristic. Another distantly Germanic characteristic is the fixed primary stress on the first syllable, as expressed in the word brother (Bright 410). An Encyclopedia Dictionary of Language and Languages (AEDLL) describes English as spoken worldwide by a large and ever-increasing number of people. The English language has official status in more than 60 countries. Two diagrams called A Family of Languages and English: the world language follow the bibliography. One shows that English is listed with languages in the West Germanic subgroup, and the other illustrates the use of English in countries around the world today. A summary of the trends allows the prediction that English may become the language of universal communications. Bibliography Asher, R.E. and J. M. Y. Simpson. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. 10 Vols. New York: Pergamon Press, 1994. 1125. Bright, William. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 4 Vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. 410-415. Craig, Albert M., et al., eds., et The Heritage of World Civilizations. 2 Vols. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. 446-447. Crystal, David, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd Ed. New York: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1997. 298-299. Crystal, David. An Encyclopedia Dictionary of Language and Languages. USA: Blackwell Publishers, 1992. 121-122, 134, 185-186. Dalby, Andrew. Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to more than 400 Languages. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 1998.166-179. OGrady, William, Michael Dobrovolsky and Mark Aronoff. Contemporary Linguistics. 3rd Ed. New York: St. Martins Press, Inc., 1992. 332. Van Doren, Charles. A History of Knowledge Past, Present, and Future. New York: Ballantine Books, 1992. 154. Research Papers on A History of the English Language - Past Changes Precipitate Worldwide Popularity EssayQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHip-Hop is ArtPETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementStandardized TestingDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

How do you make women use restroom inside in India Essay

How do you make women use restroom inside in India - Essay Example Women have to walk in groups and accompany their daughters when it calls for defecation periods. It is upon these shocking revelations that, the researcher intends to investigate possible solutions to this and draw a policy that if implemented, will culminate into women’s use of restrooms without further threats. This should capture every culture and local condition as despite the government spending 7000 scores yearly in toilets constructions; it has failed to answer women problems culminating into disuse. Toilet designs should factor in elements of geographical conditions, water and culture (India today international, 1997, p. 156). Besides constructing toilets, environmentally friendly toilets should stand erected as stated by Gramalaya who has been constructing rural toilets in India for two decades. Some design may scare women particularly on holding balance, hovering and butt positioning, that is approximated at six inches over the seat. But it is recommended that they hold the toilet paper dispenser, handle or enlargement of gap between the toilet and butt. This aims at making public restrooms to properly separate gents and ladies facilities so as to avoid case of males harassing and molesting females. This has been seen in places such as schools that have usable toilet rated at 63 percent in 2013. Fear of rape by women, makes it difficult for them to use restrooms, there should be increased and well trained security guards with higher levels of honesty to assist women who may opt for restrooms. This will instill courage within these women which will rebel against their deeply-rooted open defecation culture. It is surprising that despite increased number of toilets in India, less impact has been felt as culture drives open defecation making many toilets disused. There are urgent calls for more input to create awareness on significance of using toilets. Women face infection particularly, when pushed to defecate in dirty fields during